1.1 樹干
主(zhu)干受凍(dong)(dong)后有的(de)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)縱裂(lie),一(yi)般稱為“凍(dong)(dong)裂(lie)”現象,樹(shu)(shu)皮成(cheng)(cheng)塊(kuai)狀脫離木(mu)質(zhi)部,或沿裂(lie)縫(feng)向外(wai)卷折。一(yi)般生長過旺的(de)幼樹(shu)(shu)主(zhu)干易(yi)(yi)受凍(dong)(dong)害(hai),這(zhe)些傷口極易(yi)(yi)招(zhao)致腐(fu)爛病。形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)凍(dong)(dong)裂(lie)的(de)原因是由于氣(qi)溫突然急(ji)劇降(jiang)到零下,樹(shu)(shu)皮迅速冷卻(que)收縮(suo),致使主(zhu)干組織內外(wai)漲力(li)不均,因而自外(wai)向內開裂(lie),或樹(shu)(shu)皮脫離木(mu)質(zhi)部。樹(shu)(shu)干“凍(dong)(dong)裂(lie)”常(chang)發生在(zai)夜間,隨著氣(qi)溫的(de)變(bian)暖,凍(dong)(dong)裂(lie)處(chu)又可逐漸愈合,毛白楊(yang)樹(shu)(shu)常(chang)見此凍(dong)(dong)害(hai)。
1.2 枝杈和基角
枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)杈或(huo)主枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基角部分進入休眠較(jiao)晚(wan),位置(zhi)比較(jiao)隱蔽,輸(shu)導(dao)組織發育不(bu)好(hao),通過抗寒鍛(duan)煉較(jiao)遲,因此遇到(dao)低溫或(huo)晝夜溫差變(bian)化較(jiao)大時(shi),易引起凍(dong)害。樹杈凍(dong)害有(you)(you)(you)各種(zhong)表(biao)現:有(you)(you)(you)的受凍(dong)后(hou)皮層(ceng)和形(xing)(xing)成層(ceng)變(bian)褐色,而(er)后(hou)樹枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)凹(ao)陷,有(you)(you)(you)的樹皮成塊狀(zhuang)凍(dong)壞,有(you)(you)(you)的順主干垂直凍(dong)裂形(xing)(xing)成劈枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。主枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與樹干的基角愈(yu)小(xiao),枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)杈基角凍(dong)害也愈(yu)嚴重。這些(xie)表(biao)現依凍(dong)害的程度和樹種(zhong)、品種(zhong)而(er)有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)同。
1.3 芽(ya)
花芽(ya)是抗寒力較(jiao)弱的器官,花芽(ya)凍(dong)害(hai)多發生(sheng)在春季回暖時期,腋花芽(ya)較(jiao)頂花芽(ya)的抗寒力強(qiang)。花芽(ya)受(shou)凍(dong)后(hou),內部變褐(he)色,初期從表面上只看到芽(ya)鱗松(song)散,不(bu)易鑒別,到后(hou)期則芽(ya)不(bu)萌發,干(gan)縮枯死。
1.4 枝條
枝(zhi)條的(de)凍(dong)(dong)害(hai)與其成熟度有關。成熟的(de)枝(zhi)條,在休眠期以(yi)形成層(ceng)最(zui)抗寒,皮(pi)層(ceng)次(ci)之,而木質部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、髓(sui)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)最(zui)不(bu)抗寒。所以(yi)隨受凍(dong)(dong)程(cheng)度加重(zhong),髓(sui)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、木質部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)先后變(bian)(bian)色,嚴重(zhong)凍(dong)(dong)害(hai)時韌皮(pi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)受傷(shang),如果形成層(ceng)變(bian)(bian)色則(ze)枝(zhi)條失去(qu)了恢復能力。但在生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期則(ze)以(yi)形成層(ceng)抗寒力最(zui)差(cha)。幼樹(shu)在秋季因雨水過(guo)多貪青(qing)徒長(chang),枝(zhi)條生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)不(bu)充實,易加重(zhong)凍(dong)(dong)害(hai),特別是成熟不(bu)良的(de)先端(duan)對嚴寒敏感,常首先發生(sheng)(sheng)凍(dong)(dong)害(hai),輕者髓(sui)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)色,較重(zhong)時枝(zhi)條脫水干縮,嚴重(zhong)時枝(zhi)條可能凍(dong)(dong)死。多年生(sheng)(sheng)枝(zhi)條發生(sheng)(sheng)凍(dong)(dong)害(hai),常表現(xian)樹(shu)皮(pi)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)凍(dong)(dong)傷(shang),受凍(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分最(zui)初(chu)稍變(bian)(bian)色下(xia)陷,不(bu)易發現(xian),如果用刀(dao)挑開,可發現(xian)皮(pi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)已變(bian)(bian)褐(he);以(yi)后,逐(zhu)漸(jian)于(yu)枯(ku)死亡,皮(pi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)裂開和脫落(luo)。但是如果形成層(ceng)未(wei)受凍(dong)(dong),則(ze)可逐(zhu)漸(jian)恢復。
1.5 根(gen)頸(jing)和根(gen)系
在(zai)(zai)1年中根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)頸(jing)停(ting)止生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)最(zui)遲,進入休(xiu)眠期最(zui)晚(wan),而開始活動和解除休(xiu)眠又(you)較(jiao)(jiao)早,因(yin)此在(zai)(zai)溫度(du)驟然下(xia)降的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia),根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)頸(jing)未能很好(hao)地(di)(di)(di)通過抗寒鍛煉,同(tong)時近地(di)(di)(di)表處溫度(du)變化又(you)劇(ju)烈(lie),因(yin)而容易(yi)(yi)引起根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)頸(jing)的(de)凍(dong)(dong)害。根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)頸(jing)受(shou)凍(dong)(dong)后(hou),樹皮先變色,以后(hou)干枯(ku),可發生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)局部,也(ye)可能成環狀,根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)頸(jing)凍(dong)(dong)害對植株危害很大。根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)無休(xiu)眠期,所以根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)較(jiao)(jiao)其(qi)地(di)(di)(di)上部分耐(nai)寒力(li)(li)差。但根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)在(zai)(zai)越(yue)冬時活動力(li)(li)明顯(xian)減弱,故耐(nai)寒力(li)(li)較(jiao)(jiao)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期略強。根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)受(shou)凍(dong)(dong)后(hou)變褐,皮部易(yi)(yi)與木質部分離(li)。一般粗(cu)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)較(jiao)(jiao)細(xi)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)耐(nai)寒力(li)(li)強,近地(di)(di)(di)面的(de)粗(cu)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)由于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)溫低(di),較(jiao)(jiao)下(xia)層根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)易(yi)(yi)受(shou)凍(dong)(dong),新栽(zai)的(de)樹或幼樹因(yin)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)小又(you)淺,易(yi)(yi)受(shou)凍(dong)(dong)害,而大樹則相當抗寒。
2 造凍害(hai)因素(su)
影(ying)響樹(shu)(shu)木(mu)凍害發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)素很復雜,從內因(yin)(yin)來說(shuo),與樹(shu)(shu)種、品種、樹(shu)(shu)齡(ling)、生(sheng)長勢(shi)及當年(nian)枝(zhi)條的(de)(de)成熟及休眠與否(fou)均(jun)有密切關系;從外(wai)因(yin)(yin)來說(shuo)是與氣象、地勢(shi)、坡向、水體、土壤、栽培管(guan)理(li)等因(yin)(yin)素分(fen)不(bu)開的(de)(de)。因(yin)(yin)此當發(fa)生(sheng)凍害時,應多方面分(fen)析,找(zhao)出主要矛盾(dun),提(ti)出解決(jue)辦法。
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