1.1 樹干
主(zhu)干(gan)受凍(dong)后有的形成(cheng)縱裂(lie),一般稱為“凍(dong)裂(lie)”現象,樹(shu)皮(pi)成(cheng)塊(kuai)狀脫(tuo)離(li)木質部,或沿裂(lie)縫向(xiang)(xiang)外(wai)卷折。一般生長過(guo)旺的幼樹(shu)主(zhu)干(gan)易受凍(dong)害,這些傷口極(ji)易招致(zhi)腐爛(lan)病。形成(cheng)凍(dong)裂(lie)的原因是由于氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)突然急劇降到零下,樹(shu)皮(pi)迅速冷卻收縮,致(zhi)使主(zhu)干(gan)組織內外(wai)漲力(li)不均,因而自(zi)外(wai)向(xiang)(xiang)內開裂(lie),或樹(shu)皮(pi)脫(tuo)離(li)木質部。樹(shu)干(gan)“凍(dong)裂(lie)”常發(fa)生在夜間,隨(sui)著氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)的變暖,凍(dong)裂(lie)處又可逐漸(jian)愈合,毛白楊樹(shu)常見此(ci)凍(dong)害。
1.2 枝杈和基角
枝杈(cha)或主枝基(ji)(ji)角(jiao)部分(fen)進入休(xiu)眠較(jiao)晚(wan),位(wei)置比較(jiao)隱蔽,輸導組織發育不(bu)好,通過抗寒鍛煉較(jiao)遲,因此遇(yu)到低溫(wen)或晝夜溫(wen)差變(bian)化較(jiao)大時(shi),易引起凍(dong)(dong)害(hai)。樹(shu)杈(cha)凍(dong)(dong)害(hai)有各種(zhong)表現(xian):有的(de)受凍(dong)(dong)后(hou)皮層和形(xing)成層變(bian)褐色(se),而后(hou)樹(shu)枝凹(ao)陷,有的(de)樹(shu)皮成塊狀凍(dong)(dong)壞,有的(de)順主干垂直凍(dong)(dong)裂形(xing)成劈枝。主枝與樹(shu)干的(de)基(ji)(ji)角(jiao)愈小,枝杈(cha)基(ji)(ji)角(jiao)凍(dong)(dong)害(hai)也(ye)愈嚴重。這些表現(xian)依凍(dong)(dong)害(hai)的(de)程度和樹(shu)種(zhong)、品(pin)種(zhong)而有不(bu)同。
1.3 芽
花(hua)芽(ya)(ya)是抗寒(han)力(li)較(jiao)弱的器(qi)官(guan),花(hua)芽(ya)(ya)凍害多發(fa)生在(zai)春季回(hui)暖時期,腋花(hua)芽(ya)(ya)較(jiao)頂花(hua)芽(ya)(ya)的抗寒(han)力(li)強。花(hua)芽(ya)(ya)受凍后,內部(bu)變(bian)褐色,初期從表面上(shang)只(zhi)看到(dao)芽(ya)(ya)鱗(lin)松散,不易鑒別,到(dao)后期則(ze)芽(ya)(ya)不萌發(fa),干縮枯死。
1.4 枝(zhi)條(tiao)
枝條(tiao)的(de)(de)凍(dong)害(hai)(hai)與其成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)度(du)有(you)關。成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)枝條(tiao),在(zai)休眠期以(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)最(zui)抗(kang)寒(han),皮(pi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次之(zhi),而木質(zhi)部(bu)(bu)、髓部(bu)(bu)最(zui)不(bu)抗(kang)寒(han)。所以(yi)隨受(shou)凍(dong)程度(du)加重(zhong)(zhong),髓部(bu)(bu)、木質(zhi)部(bu)(bu)先(xian)(xian)后變(bian)色(se),嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)凍(dong)害(hai)(hai)時韌皮(pi)部(bu)(bu)才受(shou)傷(shang),如(ru)果形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)變(bian)色(se)則枝條(tiao)失去了恢(hui)復(fu)能(neng)力。但(dan)在(zai)生(sheng)長(chang)期則以(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)抗(kang)寒(han)力最(zui)差。幼(you)樹在(zai)秋(qiu)季因雨(yu)水過(guo)多(duo)貪青徒長(chang),枝條(tiao)生(sheng)長(chang)不(bu)充實,易加重(zhong)(zhong)凍(dong)害(hai)(hai),特別是成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)不(bu)良的(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)端對嚴(yan)(yan)寒(han)敏感,常首先(xian)(xian)發(fa)生(sheng)凍(dong)害(hai)(hai),輕(qing)者髓部(bu)(bu)變(bian)色(se),較重(zhong)(zhong)時枝條(tiao)脫水干縮,嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)時枝條(tiao)可(ke)能(neng)凍(dong)死。多(duo)年生(sheng)枝條(tiao)發(fa)生(sheng)凍(dong)害(hai)(hai),常表現樹皮(pi)局部(bu)(bu)凍(dong)傷(shang),受(shou)凍(dong)部(bu)(bu)分最(zui)初稍變(bian)色(se)下陷,不(bu)易發(fa)現,如(ru)果用刀挑(tiao)開(kai),可(ke)發(fa)現皮(pi)部(bu)(bu)已變(bian)褐;以(yi)后,逐漸于(yu)枯死亡,皮(pi)部(bu)(bu)裂開(kai)和(he)脫落(luo)。但(dan)是如(ru)果形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)未(wei)受(shou)凍(dong),則可(ke)逐漸恢(hui)復(fu)。
1.5 根(gen)頸和根(gen)系
在(zai)(zai)1年(nian)中根(gen)(gen)(gen)頸停(ting)止生長最遲(chi),進(jin)入休眠(mian)期最晚(wan),而開始活動和解除休眠(mian)又較(jiao)早(zao),因此在(zai)(zai)溫度驟然下降的情況下,根(gen)(gen)(gen)頸未能(neng)很好地通過(guo)抗寒鍛煉,同(tong)時(shi)近(jin)地表(biao)處溫度變化又劇烈,因而容易引起根(gen)(gen)(gen)頸的凍(dong)害。根(gen)(gen)(gen)頸受(shou)凍(dong)后,樹(shu)皮先變色,以后干枯,可發生在(zai)(zai)局部(bu),也可能(neng)成(cheng)環狀,根(gen)(gen)(gen)頸凍(dong)害對植(zhi)株(zhu)危害很大。根(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)無(wu)休眠(mian)期,所以根(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)較(jiao)其地上部(bu)分耐(nai)寒力差(cha)。但(dan)根(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)在(zai)(zai)越冬時(shi)活動力明顯(xian)減弱,故耐(nai)寒力較(jiao)生長期略強。根(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)受(shou)凍(dong)后變褐,皮部(bu)易與木(mu)質部(bu)分離。一般粗根(gen)(gen)(gen)較(jiao)細根(gen)(gen)(gen)耐(nai)寒力強,近(jin)地面的粗根(gen)(gen)(gen)由于地溫低,較(jiao)下層(ceng)根(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)易受(shou)凍(dong),新栽的樹(shu)或幼樹(shu)因根(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)小又淺,易受(shou)凍(dong)害,而大樹(shu)則相(xiang)當抗寒。
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