園林(lin)中常(chang)見(jian)的駁(bo)岸(an)材(cai)(cai)料有各類(lei)自然山(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、制作整形的石(shi)(shi)(shi)砌塊、人工(gong)砌體、鋼筋、混凝土(tu)、毛(mao)竹(zhu)、木(mu)(mu)(mu)材(cai)(cai)等。駁(bo)岸(an)基礎常(chang)采(cai)用(yong)條(tiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、塊石(shi)(shi)(shi),蓋頂常(chang)采(cai)用(yong)條(tiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、山(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、混凝土(tu)和植被(bei),墻體則采(cai)用(yong)漿(jiang)砌條(tiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、磚砌抹防水砂漿(jiang)以及用(yong)堆砌山(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)等。在盛產竹(zhu)、木(mu)(mu)(mu)材(cai)(cai)的地方也(ye)可(ke)以做竹(zhu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)樁(zhuang)駁(bo)岸(an),但是木(mu)(mu)(mu)樁(zhuang)要(yao)采(cai)用(yong)能耐濕腐、堅(jian)固(gu)的木(mu)(mu)(mu)材(cai)(cai)種(zhong)類(lei),如柏(bo)木(mu)(mu)(mu)、杉(shan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)等。一(yi)般(ban)情況下(xia)應根據地質條(tiao)件(jian)和駁(bo)岸(an)的要(yao)求來選擇(ze)樁(zhuang)木(mu)(mu)(mu)的規(gui)格,應采(cai)用(yong)直徑10-15cm,長為(wei)1-2m的木(mu)(mu)(mu)材(cai)(cai),呈梅(mei)花狀(zhuang)布置(zhi)。在岸(an)坡水淹頻繁而木(mu)(mu)(mu)樁(zhuang)又(you)容(rong)易腐蝕(shi)的地方適用(yong)灰(hui)土(tu)樁(zhuang)。
2.駁岸(an)施工
2.1塊石駁岸
常見的塊石駁岸有條石駁岸、山石駁岸、虎皮石駁岸、漿砌和干砌塊石駁岸等。駁岸類型的選擇應根據地質條件和景觀要求來綜合確定,可做成規則式、自然式等。
2.1.1條(tiao)石(shi)駁(bo)岸施工(gong)
條石(shi)(shi)(shi)駁岸(an)是指采用條石(shi)(shi)(shi)作為(wei)岸(an)體的駁岸(an),石(shi)(shi)(shi)塊之(zhi)間結合緊密、堅實(shi)。整(zheng)體性好。通常采用M2.5水(shui)泥砂漿作為(wei)膠(jiao)結材料,將(jiang)條石(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)層砌筑(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)岸(an)體。駁岸(an)臨水(shui)面的砌縫可用水(shui)泥砂漿抹成(cheng)(cheng)平縫。
2.1.2山石駁岸
砌(qi)筑山(shan)(shan)石(shi)的(de)時候一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)避免像砌(qi)墻一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)做得(de)整整齊齊,要(yao)使(shi)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)形態、體(ti)量、位置(zhi)隨岸(an)(an)線的(de)凹(ao)凸、曲折(zhe),自然發(fa)生(sheng)變(bian)化。如果(guo)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)間存(cun)在縫隙(xi),則要(yao)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)泥砂(sha)(sha)漿將(jiang)其填塞飽滿,或者可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)泥砂(sha)(sha)漿將(jiang)其抹成(cheng)孔穴。山(shan)(shan)石(shi)表面留下的(de)水(shui)(shui)泥砂(sha)(sha)漿縫口要(yao)像處理假山(shan)(shan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)進(jin)行適當(dang)掩飾。光禿禿的(de)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)往(wang)往(wang)顯得(de)較為呆(dai)板(ban),因此(ci)可(ke)以在山(shan)(shan)石(shi)駁岸(an)(an)施工(gong)完成(cheng)以后,采(cai)用(yong)(yong)泥土(tu)將(jiang)石(shi)塊填實固定(ding),然后在岸(an)(an)邊種植花草灌(guan)木等,這樣(yang)就可(ke)以使(shi)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)與岸(an)(an)土(tu)結(jie)合成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti),營(ying)造景觀。
2.1.3虎皮石岸坡施工
常水位(wei)以下部(bu)分用M5砂漿(jiang)(jiang)砌筑塊石,外(wai)露(lu)部(bu)分抹平(ping)。常水位(wei)以上部(bu)分用M2.5砂漿(jiang)(jiang)砌筑,外(wai)露(lu)部(bu)分抹平(ping)縫(feng)。岸頂(ding)可用山(shan)石、條石或預制混凝土(tu)塊壓頂(ding),向水面挑(tiao)出(chu)50mm。壓頂(ding)的(de)條石或混凝土(tu)塊頂(ding)面最好(hao)高出(chu)最高水位(wei)300-400mm。
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